Research Note

Research Note

Since the World Wars and the Cold War warfare has shifted dramatically. So drastically American has experienced the worst attack on her homeland; the 9/11 attacks. Since the 9/11 attacks, America and the World have seen the rise of a new and effective warfare that has been unstoppable to conventional forces. As we have seen in Vietnam, Iraq, and now Afghanistan. You can call this new warfare terrorist, non-state actors, guerrilla fighters or some other name that would fit the description, but they are almost indefinable.

The United States of America has been a major player in the war all over the world and for the last sixty years have lead the world in military advancement. Since we fought for our independence America has not seen defeat except in our enemy up until the Vietnam War and now the war against the Taliban in Afghanistan. One can argue America did not lose in Vietnam or America is not losing in Afghanistan currently, it really doesn’t matter. What does matter is America saw a shift in the result of these two wars; it was no clear victory for America like it has been in the past.

Strategy, tactics, moral, technology, and manpower are all important and necessary to fight a war, however, arguably, I feel America doesn’t understand or know how to deal with our enemies particularly unconventional forces such as the Vietcong, Taliban, or typical tribal and insurgency groups. How do you put your finger on a group that denies the laws of war? How do you conduct diplomacy with a group that has no official diplomats? How do you negotiate with terrorist groups that ignore borders and believe that your country should no longer exist? America failure to develop strategies and techniques to handle these complex insurgent groups, terrorist organizations, and militant tribal groups such as the Taliban proves to be the problem. David Kilcullen, a counterinsurgent expert, lays it down perfectly, “ that while many classical counterinsurgency techniques apply to modern conflicts, in overall terms we face a transfigured form of hybrid warfare that renders many of our traditional ideas irrelevant” (xvii).

David Kilcullen, a native Australian and former advisor to General David Patraeus in Iraq and to the NATO Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan, currently serves as a consultant to the U.S. Government. He wrote a book called The Accidental Guerrilla: Fighting Small Wars in The Midst of a Big One. In this book Kilcullen “uncovers the face of modern warfare, illuminating both the global challenge (the “War on Terrorism”) and small wars across the World” (back of book).  And he has some answers to our questions above. Kilcullen recommends we change our paradigm and our policy to help the problem. The number one shift that should take place according to Kilcullen is a vocabulary change. He mentions, “professor Michael Vlahos has pointed out that the language we use to describe the new treats actively hinders innovative thought” (295) For example, our terminology for these groups or organization are negative in nature. Unconventional, nonstate, irregular forces all describe the enemy but give them a description of what they are not rather than what they actually are. Instead of approaching diplomacy with these organizations in an international relations mindset and terminology, Kilcullen recommends we us an anthropology approach, which we would understand their culture, social relationships, and institution within their society. A diplomat educated in a particular culture and language would greatly benefit the relationship between the two actors (Kilcullen, 296).

Secondly, Kilcullen recommends using an element of soft power. He mentions that the majority of our spending goes to the Military whereas we should be investing in nonmilitary “elements of national power”, such as “private sector economic strength, national reputation, and cultural confidence”. Our military can only achieve so much and often faces obstacles that military bureaucracy cannot overcome.  There is an imbalance of our military and nonmilitary abilities, therefore hindering America to achieve whatever she sets out to do. Think about it, America’s “Defense Department is about 210 time larger than the U.S Agency for international Development and State Department combined” (Kilcullen, 298). Now put yourself in the shoes of an enemy of the United States, do you get the feeling that America wants to collaborate and fix the problem or just use force unilaterally to overcome the problem?

Kilcullen, as an outsider (Australian) sees the problem from the outside and make great sense of the tangled mess. As one planning to go into the military, it is hard to overcome my own opinions and realize our military is not the solution to every problem on the international scale. Kilcullen says he does not discredit the military and its capabilities, he being an officer in the Australian military himself, but he warns that the imbalance could be harmful and give the wrong impression. Kilcullen is an source for information dealing with the future of warfare and transforming our military  and non military into a capable force to confront our enemies.

Kilcullen, David. The Accidental Guerrilla: Fighting Small Wars in the Midst of a Big One. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. Print.

Book Review: Who killed Daniel Pearl

Bernard-Henri Levy, a French philosopher who is very well known throughout the Europe, made the International Best seller list with Who Killed Daniel Pearl. This book is wonderfully put together and a thrilling read. Levy takes his readers on a ride through the investigation that lasted one year, Levy recalls. His readers will go to Karachi to Kandahar, New Delhi, Washington, London, and back to Karachi, where Pearl was eventually murdered. The book almost read like a mystery and you cant wait to find out waht is going to happen next as Levy conducts his investigation and follows the clues. Obviously, we all know who committed the murder or who we think murdered the reporter, Daniel Pearl, so Levy seeks to discover why and how they Jihadist killed the Jewish-American.

The book is divided up into three parts with each art devoted to a specific and key player within the investigation. First, Danny, Second, Omar Sheikh, the mastermind behind Danny's kidnapping, and the last three parts are devoted to a more analytical or theoretical view to the story. Levy goes into great detail about Pearls' life and then switches to Omar Sheikh, giving background to the both of them. The last three parts are by far the best, in my opinion.

As Levy risks his own life following the footsteps to Daniel Pearls murder, he raises very compelling questions, that might go unanswered because of the death of Mr. Pearl. I the last parts of the book, Levy develops a theory that Daniel was on to something. That "something" is what might have just killed him. Levy believes Daniel Pearl's reporter instincts might have lead him to knowing to much about the Pakistani government agency, the Inter-services Intelligence agency, and their relationship with Islamic terrorist groups. Levy also theorizes the possibility of officials in the Pakistan intelligent agency aid al-Queda in what ever ways possible with keeping it under the rug.

According to Levy, the possibility is very high that nuclear secrets have been exchanged by the two parties, al-Queda and Pakistan. This reveals Pakistan as a threat to the West. Currently Pakistan is supposedly a friend of the United States and supposedly fight against terrorism. Levy's suggests the opposite.

This book is great for anyone who is interested in international affairs, terrorist and their secret motives, or simply a thrilling investigation of current events (not so current now).

Cyber Warfare

I think this topic is very interesting and completely over my head considering I would rather do without a lot of technology we have today. I know most of it makes our lives convenient helps more than it destroys, or does it? I know, I know, Im old school.

At the Air Force Academy in Colorado, the military are raising a special breed of warriors, warriors who fight in the cyber arena. I keep telling myself that this Occupation within the military is not silly, but this job could be one of the most important now and in the near future. America is very dependent upon electricity and technology, therefore shouldn't we have someone to protect that just as we have the National Guard to protect our Nation.

Only Army, Navy, Air Force are taking part in the computer warfare in Colorado. The military has been training men and women in the area of cyber warfare for about ten years now, but now the training has been taken to a new level with the increasing amount of internet break in by foreign countries.

I dont even know if there are any laws concerning the cyber warfare that is taking place today. James Clapper, who is the director of the nation intelligence, classified a cyber attack as the number one threat to out national security. This provides awesome job opportunity in computer science and technological studies.

Hatred

I've been reading the memoirs of E. B. Sledge in his book "With The Old Breed", and I keep hearing a common theme among the Marines in the Pacific during WWII. Most of the Marines or soldiers who fought in the pacific or directly against the Japanese developed a strong hatred towards them. Sledge explains in his book that noncombatants hated the Japanese, but the infantry who actually fought face to face with them, held a deep and bitter hatred for the Japanese. Throughout the war in the pacific, the hatred for the Japanese increased, but started off with a great leap in the bombing of Pearl Harbor. The American forces believed the Japanese to be animals, savages, and wicked creatures with the way they fought. Mutilating dead Marine, Kamikaze and Banzai attack (suicidal attacks from planes and charges). The Japanese very well may have view us in the same way, Im not sure. Sledge mentions on his book that, "This collective attitude, Marines and Japanese, resulted in savage, ferocious fighting and with no holds barred. This was not the dispassionate killing seen on other fronts or in other wars. This was brutish, primitive hatred, as characteristic of the horror of war in the Pacific as the palm trees and the islands".

Im trying to understand this hatred between the two enemies at war. Even though they may be at war and deeply hurt by the other, they are both humans and both put there pants on the same way every morning, but in a different part of the world. Does the hatred fuel unneeded or unwanted war and fighting among the two? The Americans, I believe had their minds set for unconditional surrender for the Japanese by whatever means possible.

Today, does this same hatred exist for particular ethnic groups or people we are at war with? It seems if you hate the enemy you are fighting it makes it easier to fight him without guilt or restraint. Its either you are him who dies, or him or your Marine buddy next you. I mean it make sense to hate your enemy when you are fighting him, right? I have concluded that this hate for the enemy that men at war face for the enemy is almost like they are rotting from the inside. They seem to lose the innocence they once had, and all sanity. Maybe war itself is a factor as well.

My question is how do you go battle against someone that is just like you, but from a different part of the world and that usually has a different worldview than you. Will you be an effective Soldier without this attitude fueling you? And is there a case where the attitude is ok? I understand going to battle with someone you utterly despise like the Japanese for the Pacific Marines. How do you avoid this attitude while you are fighting and your buddy next to you dies or your homeland was attacked by these terrorist. What is the proper way to respond?

Lately, I have been exploring different job opportunities. I realized that if Officer Candidate School does not fall through right away, I have a little over a year to work and I would prefer working somewhere I could use my degree in political science/international studies.

I was scanning the internet and stumbled across an organization call the Center for a New American Security (CNAS). CNAS is a non profit think tank based in Washington DC. The CNAS seeks to develop strong and sound defense and security policy for the benefit of the United States. "CNAS engages policymakers, experts and the public with innovative, fact-based research, ideas and analysis to shape and elevate the national security debate". Also, they help to prepare policy makers and military leaders for possible future events. Obama and administration have turned to CNAS for recent Afghanistan affairs and also affairs in the new emerging Asia-Pacific region. 

After looking through many of there publications and projects, I was quickly overwhelmed with all the information they have on security issues. (I guess this is the organization the government can go to for sound advise and analysis). I thought it would neat to work for this organization one day, but Im not sure it would fit my idea of a job. I don't want to wear a suit and tie everyday, or have a really cool office and my own computer. Discussing security issues would be cool, but I think I would prefer "being in the field". 

Korea

I feel that the recent flight of two B-2 bombers was meant to let North Korea know the U.S. will possible respond if it or South Korea is attacked. But how will the US respond is the question.

“This is important for two reasons: The north only respects one thing — strength and power,” said retired Army Col. David Maxwell. “It is important to demonstrate that strength and will. Second, the north will not attack in the face of strength and readiness.” Under the International Law umbrella, I have been studying how states and non states interact with one another. Under the International Law umbrella, I have been pondering realism and idealism quiet a bit, which is wrong and which is right or maybe a mixture of the both. I believe this quote above reveals America's attitude and behavior, I'm not saying its wrong or right, but the B-2 Bombers sent to Korea war definitely a realism approach to the issue in North Korea. “Ironically the stronger we are the less there is a chance of miscalculation by the regime,” Maxwell said in an email. “If we show daylight in the alliance they will try to exploit that and then we are going to have trouble.” How do you seek an idealist approach when a country avoids negotiations stating and believes the armistices that ended the Korean war to be void?  

Being a military commander, I bet it is hard to take an idealistic approach to any conflict. You have the strongest military in the world and you are in control of that military in some capacity, why wouldn't you want to use it! I believe it can be very tempting to just say, "we can send in the military". And to give commanders some slack, that is their job. That is why they are in the military, to command and lead soldiers in war. 

The B-2 bombers flew from an American base all the way to South Korea to drop fake munitions on an Island off the mainland of South Korea and then back to America in all in one mission. No stopping, so there is no doubt it was to warn the N. Korean.“Tension rises almost every year when it’s time for the U.S.-South Korean drills to take place, but as soon as those drills end, things quickly return to normal,” Sung Hyun-sang said in Seoul. North Korea’s latest threats are seen as efforts to test the new government in Seoul, led by President Park Geun-hye, to change its policies toward Pyongyang. North Korea’s moves at home to order troops into “combat readiness” also are seen as ways to build domestic unity as Kim Jong Un, who took power after his father’s death in December 2011, strengthens his military credentials. I am looking forward to the response of Kim Jong-un to the warning. 

Special Operators Whereabouts After Afghanistan.

The secretive special forces are already known for their undercover work and low key operations. As the war in Afghanistan is drawing to end, where will the majority of the special forces (SF) go? Admiral Bill McRaven, the US Special Operations Commander gives us some direction to where they will be in the near future.

March 6th, Adm. McRaven met with lawmakers to talk about this very issue. He mentions that the majority of Special Operators are in the Central Command Region (USCENTCOM--the yellow area on the map above), about 85% of all SF are deployed to the CENTCOM region. It is Adm. McRavens desire to push the Special Operators to other commands or regions as their work is sone in Afghanistan (or will it ever be done). To be honest, I believe America and the US Special Operation Command (USSOCOM) will keep a close eye on the CENTCOM region and have a force that is ready to fight in an instant near by. SF will continue to operate in Afghanistan and Pakistan after conventional forces leave, it only make sense.

If the majority of SF leaves CENTCOM, where will they go and what will they be doing? In 2001, there were about 30,000 special operators in the Navy, Air Force, and Army. Now in 2013, the force has grown significantly to 70,000 and the addition of the Marine Special Operation Command (MARSOC) in 2006. I imagine the continued growth of SF because of the way we are fighting. Unconventional, irregular, guerrillas, terrorist, freedom fighters, whatever you want to call them, warfare has changed and it calls for SF attention. Politicians label the SF community the "cure all medicine". I have the feeling politicians rely on the SF to fix anything and they might be able to, but just because the SF can sure all doesn't mean you send them every time. To answer my question at the beginning of the paragraph, SF  will be providing internal defense to foriegn allies and network to strengthen relationships.

As Im looking at the map  above, its hard not to think that America just divided up the world into region and probably put in place commanders over each region and a responsibility within that region. Just funny to think about and how it relates to America trying to police the world.

Looking Back to Iraq

Military TImes-10 Years After The Invasion

This article is very well put together, in my opinion. One of the reasons I like this piece is because of its focus on reflecting on what happened 10 years ago in Iraq, not exploring was this war right or justified.

Looking back, all I remember about the initial fight for Bagdad was watching it on TV, thinking it was so cool that we were killin' the bad guys. I remember the new station had the coverage going 24/7 with bombs dropping in the night and tracer bullets flying through the air. Not knowing or even caring that this war would trickle out longer than expected. We did not realize the mess we were getting into.“Our mission was go in from the start and set the conditions for success, and then leave and turn things over to the Iraqis, the State Department and contractors, and try to get the military out very quickly,” said Blount, who retired in 2005. “It grew into more later, but that was not the intent initially.”

The US military expected heavy fighting with the Iraqi Republican Guard, tanks, air planes, and chemical weapons were expected too, however, none of these were seen. But most of the Iraqi Guard slipped into insurgency and insurgency warfare. The US military did not expect this at all. It seems the US Army and Marines were trained for heavy combat and intense fighting with the Iraqi, not counterinsurgency. Im mean what an adjustment soldiers and Marines had to make. Now, our soldiers were dealing with unconventional warfare, IED and suicide bombers. How do you adjust to this warfare almost immediately? We took Bagdad and the conventional warfare expedition was over it seems.“The whole purpose of the plan was regime change,” said Marine Brig. Gen. Paul Kennedy. Preventing an insurgency wasn’t the initial plan, however. U.S. forces were told to topple Saddam and prepare to go home. To combat the insurgency, then, the U.S. military had to change the way it fights wars to make its central mission protecting the Iraqi population. The Army would later codify some of the lessons learned in a 2008 field manual on “full spectrum operations,” which made clear that soldiers had to be ready to fight both conventional and irregular wars.

Again, I'm not writing this to express whether the war was right or wrong, its over and a part of history. My question is how did we get involved without knowing the war would drag on. That the war would turn into conventional forces vs. insurgence. Was it a lack of planning? Lack of leadership? Maybe its easier said than done now looking back. Also, what does this mean for our military now? It seems we that we will not be fighting conventional forces in the near future, but maybe i'm wrong. Look at the drug cartels in Latin America, Taliban in the Middle East and Asia, and rebel fighters in Africa. Warfare seems to be turning to guerrilla tactics, at least used towards the Unites State's forces. And how do you present ideas or alternative methods to solving the conflict with these groups? War is not black and white, there are many gray areas I believe that cannot be answered right away.

What is ISAF?

I have seen this patch everywhere, but never knew what it really meant until now. I have finally taken sometime to study what ISAF actually stands for.

International Security Assistance Force is the name. The mission of ISAF is to help and support the government of Afghanistan, the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, by "reducing the capability and will of the insurgency, support the growth in capacity and capability of the Afghan National Security Forces, and facilitate improvements in governance and socio-economic development in order to provide a secure environment for sustainable stability that is observable to the population". However, the main role of ISAF is to assist, train, prepare, and equip the Afghanistan nation army. The two, ISAF and Afghanistan perform operations and training to best prepare the Afghanistan army. The ISAF also, supports and monitors reconstruction and development through out Afghanistan, including contractors, humanitarian aide from Afghanistan and foreign nations, IGOs, and NGOs. Mostly all NATO members give troops of some sort, some many than others. The United States is leading the troop count with approximately 68,000 troops and Luxembourg is at the bottom with 10 troops. The United Kingdom comes is second and Germany third with the most troops present.

Pursuing a career in the Military, I think it would cool to be a commander of the ISAF (hopefully we are no longer in Afghanistan when I would be a high ranking officer, but the ISAF may still be around). But as I was thinking how cool it would be to meet, lead, and command troops from around the world, I feel the ISAF is such a big organization and would be filled with bureaucratic loop holes to jump through. I feel as if I would be playing the politics game. With so many countries involve and really the United States as the leader of the ISAF, I would be required to do things or not do things that should be done, or say things or not say thing I think should be said. This I believe would drive me nuts. And going into the military I will meet this game of politics head on. How do you skip the bureaucratic loop holes and can you even avoid the "playing the game"? These are all questions of mine as I plan a future in the military. Only God knows what is in store.

Where is the Balance?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j1ZlLd1fnxU&feature=player_detailpage 

After watching this short video, I am challenged to think about what Aung San Suu Kyi is advocating. Considering I was raised in the South with guns in my home, used guns to protect myself, and plan to be an officer in the military this video is challenging to me. The non-violent approach to solving problems and conflict within her country, Burma, she believes to be best. How does this play out for the United States? Our military doesn't oppress the people like the Burmese government did to the generation of Aung San Suu Kyi. Domestically and governmentally I believe we don't have this problem (except domestically own guns, which is another blog) . However, the US military is the dominant military in the world and I feel could have the temptation to oppress other nations or peoples. Maybe impose our will on others. But where is the balance, where is the line drawn in the sand? When do we need to take action by force and when do we diplomatically solve problems. For example, the Taliban in Pakistan and Afghanistan, diplomacy and policy in my eyes will not work, but right now, neither does the violent approach. When President Bush was faced with the decision to go to war with Saddam Hussein I wonder what was going through his mind, considering the entire nation was breathing down his back to go to war. Im sure he was thinking about a non-violence approach, but with the pressure of the nation all around, could he have made that decision to fight Saddam non-violently? Im still torn... what is the balance. This goes back to my first blog with realism and idealism, Where is the balance.

Weakening or Strengthening Continued

Continued from last post.


So we know what the good and the bad are of military contractors. In my opinion the good and the bad almost cancel each other out. The good can greatly benefit the military in many ways whereas the bad can seriously cripple the military.

Now, I seek to understand the strategic impact contractors have on within the military and any recommendations that could be helpful.

STRATEGIC IMPACT

Dr. T.X. Hammes argues that contractors are not evaluated on the strategic impact they may or may not have upon the counterinsurgency operations like we have been in Iraq and Afghanistan. While contractors do get reviewed by the Defense Department, but simply not evaluated over strategic impact. Contractors ultimately make it easier for a military/country to go to war. Think about it... instead of mobilizing a force of 300,000 soldiers, cut out to preform all the tasks that the contractors usually perform, you may only mobilize 150,000 men and the rest (150,000) would be civilian contractors. As a military general or politician, you are only responsible for mobilizing 150,000 soldiers, not the contractors. This could make entering a conflict much easier and less burdensome militarily and publicly (the public only hears, and cares about the men and women in uniform). A country using contractors are much more capable and flexible. For example, the US was involved in Iraq and Afghanistan simultaneously. We could not preform that task without the help of contractors. Contractors involved in combat zone are especially at risk of negatively impacting the United State's legitimacy. Field Manual 3–24, Counterinsurgency, states that the conflict is a competition for legitimacy between the counterinsurgent and the insurgent. If the contractor in some way hinders the military's legitimacy with the host nation and or a particular insurgent, the impact could be massive.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Hammes says, "The U.S. Government's default position should be no contractors "outside the wire" in a conflict zone. Contractor presence outside secure facilities places them in direct contact with the population. Contractors can undercut the legitimacy of the host nation government, reduce the accountability of the U.S. Government for actions taken in its name, irritate the population, compete directly for the most competent local personnel, fragment the chain of command, provide an excuse for forming local militias, and are difficult to fire—even when ineffective. Given these issues, the United States should strive to keep contractors out of conflict zones. This will not always be possible but should be the standard. Most of the problems highlighted in this article occurred in conflict zones. The unique stresses on the contractors combined with the severe limitations on the government's ability to oversee their performance resulted in repeated actions that reduced operational effectiveness and undercut the U.S. strategic position. The cost savings of using contractors are uncertain at best. In contrast, the strategic and operational problems that arise from using them in a counterinsurgency are clear and documented. If U.S. Government capacity is exceeded, the default position should become using host nation organizations first and host nation contractors next with U.S. or foreign contractors being a choice of last resort.Examples where local contractors should be first choice are inside secure facilities and as fixed point security. Many of the jobs contractors perform inside facilities—meal preparation, cleaning—can easily be done by local labor...Hiring local laborers provides economic stimulus.In addition, the fixed point security mission may well be appropriate for local personnel because these jobs require little training and, because they are in a fixed position, are easier to supervise.If contractors are required, they must be under the direct supervision of a U.S. Government employee. While the government is making strenuous efforts to increase the number of contracting officers and to become more specific in writing contracts, the fact remains that the government cannot control contractor actions without direct supervision. Unless it has direct supervision, the government will remain unaware of contractors whose actions alienate the local population or fail to meet U.S. standards. The degree of supervision will vary with the type of work being done. Routine maintenance work in a secure facility would require only normal contracting oversight. Armed escorts or drivers who are in regular contact with civilian populations would require constant supervision in the form of a government employee riding with each vehicle and commanding each convoy. Armed contractors are having a global impact well beyond that of the two irregular wars America is fighting. Armed contractors introduce a new element into international relations. Current international law and international organizations such as the United Nations have developed protocols and procedures for dealing with the use of the armed forces of nation-states as well as insurgents. However, these same organizations have a paucity of experience in dealing with the introduction of armed contractors into a conflict zone whether those contractors are hired by a private firm or a nation-state. This leads to a final recommendation.

The United States must develop policies and procedures to deal with the presence of armed contractors in conflict zones. Because these armed entities are generally outside the experience and mandate of current international organizations and mechanisms, they will continue to have unforeseen impacts. Thus, the United States must work with other states, NGOs, and international organizations to develop policies, procedures, and institutions to deal with the presence of armed contractors in conflict zones".

Weakening or Strengthening?

The United States Armed Forces is the dominant military force in the world. This is great some may say, others may think America is over stretching its military capability. With Armed Forces all over the world, the US military cannot simply perform all of the tasks at hand by itself, therefore, the demand for outside contractors is available. Military contractors range from chefs and food industry, interpreters, Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) detectors, combat vehicle manufactures,and the famous personal defense organization, Blackwater. Some contractors may be absolutely necessary, while others not so much. And this is my question, do contractors, foreign or domestic, help or hurt our military? This is a topic in which I hope to explore further in the future and this blog post will be just the beginning of my research. 

T.X. Hammes, a retired US Marine Corp Officer states, "In Iraq and Afghanistan, the use of contractors reached a level unprecedented in U.S. military operations. As of March 31, 2010, the United States deployed 175,000 troops and 207,000 contractors in the war zones. Contractors represented 50 percent of the Department of Defense (DOD) workforce in Iraq and 59 percent in Afghanistan". Both armed and unarmed contractor are present. "The presence of contractors on the battlefield is obviously not a new phenomenon but has dramatically increased from the ratio of 1 contractor to 55 military personnel in Vietnam to 1:1 in Iraq and 1:43.1 in Afghanistan". 

THE GOOD

Hammes argues contractors are both good and bad. The advantages he says are "speedy deployments, continuity, reduction of troop requirements, reduction of military casualties, economic inputs into local economy, and, in some cases executing tasks the military and civilian workforce simply cannot". Logistically, contractors can help with deployment and even packing up to go home or to leave a particular region. Do you think the US military picks up after itself after leaving Iraq? Im mean its much easier to hire someone and save the troops for something else more important. Contractors can recruit personnel who would stay in a region supporting troops longer than the 6-12 month deployment troops are required to stay. Im sure there are nice incentives to stay overtime for contractors. Contractors have reduced absorbed casualties in Iraq and Afghanistan. The contractor deaths are not reported through the DoD, therefore, keeping support for a particular conflict. "The decision to hire contractors can be taken out of view of the public while decisions to increase troop strength are usually subject to intense debate". Also, contractors are less expensive compared to hiring a government employee.

THE BAD

The government has no control over the quality of the particular contractor and has limited control over their overall behavior. Unless there is a government employee or military personnel, the government has no control of there whereabouts and interaction with the locals. Also, we the people hold our government responsible to anything the contractor does or does not do. Hammes says, "In reality, it is virtually impossible to determine the actual effectiveness of any contractors—armed or unarmed—until they begin to operate in theater (and only then if a member of the U.S. Government can observe the contractors as they operate)". Contractors have the ability to undercut the legitimacy of the US government and even the host nation. Because of the lack of control, contractors can give the US government a bad rap and also treat the local population without respect, deepening the wound. Contractors can and will counter what they are meant for. "In addition, private security companies can compete directly with host nation attempts to recruit and retain military and police personnel. In January 2010, Major General Michael Ward, Deputy Commander Police, NATO Training Mission Afghanistan, stated that Afghanistan's government was considering capping the pay of private security firms because Afghan police were deserting in large numbers for the better pay and working conditions associated with private companies". Not only are the armed contractor stealing men, but unarmed contractors and even NGOs have been taking away locals from there government because of higher pay. Contractors that are not armed are highly vulnerable. Contractors are risking there lives in hostile regions and may run into insurgents and or a IED. Are the contractors who have the possibility to encounter these prepared? Are they properly trained to act when attack or their truck hit with an IED. Or are they simply trained to drive from point A to B. This puts contractors and the government at harm. Plus, contractors are not under any military control. Our military has not authority over them. This could be a problem?

To be continued... 

Certain Views

I have been introduced to a couple of new terms this week that I find to be very interesting. Also, I have been reading two books that have striking similarities in the way America conducts war/foreign policy. I would like to examine both the two books and the new terms and somehow relate the two. The reason I want to write/explore this area is because it has been on my mind for a while now. Without further adieu, here goes!

First, recently I have been introduced to the terms realism and idealism. However, these terms I have heard before, but the reasons I count them new is because this is the first time I have actually given them thought and or explored them. Realism, in a nut shell, explains that war is inevitable, it is bound to happen, only a matter of time. That people are naturally born bad resulting in eventual conflict. Idealism, in a nut shell, explains that war/conflict is avoidable. There can be a solution to the conflict and problems can be solved through certain processes and procedures like institutions. Also, people are inherently good and seek for peace. As I process these terms I find myself falling in both courts not just one or the other. Can you be on both sides, though? I definitely believe conflict can be resolved, however is war completely avoidable? Is there a way out of conflict no matter what? I believe America should have a stout military force with up to date technology and equipment (hard power), but also have way in which we can use ideas and other techniques to avoid war and promote peace (soft power). I truly believe people want to get along and live in harmony, but there will always be someone, group, or nation that doesn't like the other.  I find myself thinking about these and forming my own personal views which is good. But which one is right, or is there a right and wrong? 

I have a Christian worldview and the thoughts above lead me to the Bible or to God. I wonder is there foreign policy in the scriptures that could lead to war policy? Ecclesiastes 3:2-8 says, 

"For everything there is a season, a time for every activity under heaven. A time to be born and a time to die. A time to plant and a time to harvest. A time to kill and a time to heal.  A time to tear down and a time to build up. A time to cry and a time to laugh. A time to grieve and a time to dance. A time to scatter stones and a time to gather stones. A time to embrace and a time to turn away. A time to search and a time to quit searching. A time to keep and a time to throw away. A time to tear and a time to mend. A time to be quiet and a time to speak. A time to love and a time to hate. A time for war and a time for peace."

Hopefully, as I venture into the very heart of this subject, I can gain wisdom, knowledge and a understanding of what really needs to happen.

Secondly, I have been reading two book that I find to be very similar in nature. The first book The Nez Perce Story: The Last Indian War by Elliot West and the second, The Accidental Guerrilla: Fighting Small Wars in The Midst of a Big One by David Kilcullen. The two books relate by how America misses the mark and seems to be occupied with a greater goal than understanding the situation that might harm them and others, is right under their feet. In the Nez Perce Story, according to West, America had one thing on her mind throughout the 1800s; expansion. And "with the [Civil] war won, a triumphant federal authority turned westward and took command". To a degree never attempting to understand the Native American and their way of life and culture. America, in that day, seemed to roll right over them. We tried to understand the Indians, but nevertheless kept getting frustrated and impatient and eventually telling the Indians, specifically the Nez Perce, forget it! We are taking your land whether you like it or not. Yes, there were many other factors that played a role, however, I believe it was our responsibility to cooperate with the Indians (soft power). A quote from The Accidental Guerrilla can be put right in with West's book. Kilcullen says, there is "a complex interaction between two interdependent trends: small wars and global confrontations, local social, networks and worldwide movements, traditional and post-modern culture, separatist and imperialist ambitions, nativist and pan-Islamic traditions. Our actions in what western governments have called the "war on terrorism" (war with Indians) to date have conflated these trends, blurring the distinctions between them and masking the very real disputes  and differences of interest among their members. This has enormously complicated the West's challenges and multiplied our enemies. I understand there is a time gap and we are now dealing with global threats and not just internal threats (indians), but almost same concept. In 1877, America was to powerful for the Native Americans. Now, in 2013, Can American put a cap on the war on terror like it did with the Indians? Did we bite off more than we can chew? Or was war with the terrorists unavoidable. 

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Unique Interests

I have a unique interest in the military, specifically the United States Marines. Im not sure why I'm so intrigued by it all, but the military itself seems to pull me right in...literally. I absolutely love what the military has to offer; discipline, structure, leadership/learning/growth opportunities, team work, brotherhood, physical fitness, and a challenge. One might say, "Just wait til you actually get in and you will think quite differently". This might be true as i'm looking into the military from the outside, but how can one have such a passion, such a yearning and not actually follow through. I'll put it to you this way, I would rather follow my passion into the Marines than regret not going in all my life.

If I were to go on to graduate school and eventually get my doctorate, I probably would specify in Military Policy/Leadership. I love to study the process in which nations or groups go to war with one another. On the smaller scale, I love to study all facets leadership. What better place to practice both than in the military. In my essay for the application to be selected for Officer Candidate School, I wrote that the  Marine Corp Officer is not just a job, it's not just an occupation, but its lifestyle. You hold yourself to high standard in every aspect of life.

Through this blog, I hope to accomplish two things: First, form and solidify my personal military policy views(I don't know it all and wish to learn more). Secondly, to identify the future of our military. Considering I am planning to soon be in the Marines, I would like to know how, why, and where our military is headed. I want too accomplish these two by not only studying military history, but peering into the international community through NGOs, IGOs, and military or militia of other nations or groups. God willing, one day I will be in those decision/policy making positions and I can look back to this blog and be thankful that I started now. My views and positions will more than likely change over the years, but for now it's a good start.